A Review of Crisera (2001) In 2001, P. Crisera published a thought-provoking paper in Medical Hypotheses proposing a unifying biological rhythm termed primary respiration (PR) . Rather than focusing solely on pulmonary breathing, Crisera suggested that a deeper oscillatory rhythm may exist at the cellular level — potentially coordinating life from DNA to the central nervous system. This article is theoretical in nature, but it attempts to bridge cytology, neurobiology, embry

A Review of Oleski, Smith & Crow (2002) Can cranial bone movement be measured objectively? A 2002 study published in CRANIO: The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice by Oleski, Smith, and Crow sought to answer that question by examining whether cranial manipulation produced measurable changes on radiographs. The Question: Do Cranial Bones Move? The concept of cranial bone mobility has long been central to cranial osteopathic and manual therapy traditions. However, critics ha

Insights from Rivera-Martinez et al. (2002) In 2002, Rivera-Martinez, Wells, and Capobianco published a retrospective study in the Journal of the American Osteopathic Association examining whether patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease demonstrate distinctive cranial strain patterns. The study explored an intriguing clinical observation: Do patients with Parkinson’s exhibit consistent cranial findings detectable through osteopathic examination? Why This Question Matter